Talapoin  is a 16th-century French word for a Buddhist monk. The Portuguese word of origin, "talapão", refers to a "Buddhist monk of Burma and Thailand", allegedly coming from Mon-Burmese "tala poi", a term of respect. 

In English, talapoins are two species of monkeys of central Africa classified in genus Miopithecus, the smallest of all monkeys weighing between 1 and 2,3 kg, with round, short-snouted head and a hairless face.

Torana refers to stylized decorative framework surrounding sculptural and painted figures in Indian art specifically and Asian art in general. 

A torana can be described as a gate, gateway, arch, throne-back, backrest, or decorative niche surrounding a deity, god, buddha, bodhisattva or religious hierarch, teacher or saint. 

Toranas are often employed to decorate temple doorways or windows as found in Nepal. In Pali language, Torana refers to an arched portal. 

Tusit in Pali is the name of the fourth level of heavenly realm. Tusita refers to a a class of deva [Buddhist heavenly beings] who are 'satisfied' in the sensuous plane.

In Cambodian Theravada Buddhism, the name of the fourth level of the Kamavacarya Heaven, with King Sandosit as the presiding deity. Bodhisattvas, the Buddha Father, the Buddha Mother, and all other highly meritorious beings are often reborn and reside in this realm. 

All the Supreme Bodhisattvas, and even the Metteya Buddha (future successor of Gautama Buddha) reside in the Tusit realm, which is itself a non-permanent level of pure felicity. 

In Thailand, an edifice surrounded by eight sacred boundary stones inside a Buddhist monastery and within which a Buddhist ordination and ritual can be performed.

Uṣṇīṣa or ushnisha in Ancient India referred to any head ornament worn round the head such as turban, diadem, crown. 

By derivation, it is the Buddhist term for the topknot of curly hair crowning the head of the Buddha, a bun or any kind of protuberance at the top of the head seen as a mark of wisdom and sanctity. This attribute has undergone various adaptations in Southeast Asian visual arts, as the symbol of royal status (crown) was combined with those of sanctity. This is particularly obvious in Angkorian sculptures at the time of Jayavarman VII.

In modern Khmer, it is often called ឧណ្ហីស [transliteration of ushnisha]. The National Museum of Cambodia (NMC) Glossary defines it as the "protuberance from the skull crowning the head of Buddha".

Utsavamurti is an idol of a deity, a replica of the main one installed in the temple, taken out in procession. The utsavar portable statue, generally made of metal instead for portability, is carried around along many others in joyful processions, substituting for a while the central idol, the mulavar, still enshrined in its cella.

As the utsavamurti is cleansed and worshipped by everyone, its procession is accompanied with dances, songs and music bands expressing collective merriment and joy. 

In ancient Cambodia as in ancient and modern India, utsava celebrations were held each time a deity image was installed in its temple, and at given periods of the year. Along the main deity were also carried along icons representing members of its retinue, and portraits of deified members of the royal court. For instance, Shiva would be preceded by Ganesha and followed by his principal servant Chandesha. 

The 11th century Preah Khan inscription K. 908 required that "at least 122 gods and their entourage were to be brought back to the temple in the month of Phalguna, corresponding to the months of February/March in our calendar (st. CLVIII-CLX)" (cf. Goodall-Chollet-Chhunteng, op. cit.). Until recent times, processions carrying images, often made of metal, were held for the transfer of neak ta of a particular temple.

In the puranas, Vaijayanta may refer to 1) the capital city of an asura named Timidhvaja, otherwise called Śambara; 2) The name of the flag of Indra (Mahābhārata Vana Parva, Chapter 42, Stanza 8); 3) A mountain standing in the middle of the sea of Milk mentioned in Mahābhārata, Śānti Parva, Chapter 35, Stanza 9, as a place where Brahmā comes daily for devotion and meditation.

It has come to mean the 1. The palace of Indra. 2. The banner or emblem of Indra. 3. A flag, a banner, an ensign. 4. A small tree, (Sesbana Ægyptiaca.) 3. Another tree, (Premna spinosa, &c.) 5. A kind of garland. 6. A necklace. 7. The necklace of Vishnu. 

In Vastushastra (Indian theory of architecture), Vaijayanta (वैजयन्त) refers to a variety of prāsāda (‘superstructure’, or, upper storey of any building), part of the Ekatala (one-storey) group of prāsādas.

Etienne Aymonier (1880) suggested that the name "Bayon" came from pali Vejayant, an etymology accepted by modern linguists such as Pou Saveros.

Vinaya refers to numerous monastic rules and ethical precepts for the Sangha communities, and by extension to a category of Buddhist text discussing the application of these precepts. 

In Theravada Buddhism, the Vinaya Piṭaka (lit. Basket of Discipline) is one of the three divisions of the Pali canon, Tripitaka, along with the Sutta Piṭaka and the Abhidhamma Piṭaka, dealing with the monastic codes of conduct for monks (bhikṣu) and nuns (bhikṣuṇī) of the Sangha (community of faithful). It covers rules of individual discipline (prātimokṣa), guidelines for communal harmony, and recommendations for handling transgressions.

Upāli (kh ឧបាលី), a barber by trade and one of the ten chief disciples of the Buddha, was the first in charge of reciting and reviewing the vinaya. 

Vishvakarma or Vishvakarman is a craftsman deity, "The Architect", "The Divine Engineer of the Universe", earlier known as Tvastar. He is credited to have crafted all of the chariots of the devas, and weapons including the Vajra of god Indra, and was related to the sun god Surya.

King Norodom of Cambodia believed that the Khmer Royal Sacred Sword ( ព្រះខ័នរាជ្យ, Preah Khan Reach), the double-edge straight sword with a chiseled steel blade sheathed in a jeweled gold scabbard tjhat disappeared from the Royal Palace in 1970, had been made by Vishvakarma.

Vishwakarma or Visvhvakarma was an important deity in 12-13th c Lopburi Kingdom. In modern South India, the Vishwakarma or Vishwabrahmin community comprises five subgroups—carpenters, blacksmiths, bronze smiths, goldsmiths and stonemasons— claiming to be descendants of Vishvakarma, the builder and architect of heavenly realm.

1 n. Height, high place, hill, eminence, mount, mountain. 2 n. Temple-mountain, sanctuary.

• Ref: 125 occurrences, earliest being K.774A:1 (860 CE?). K.9:25 (A.D. 639, C V:35); K.44B:2 (A.D. 674, C II:10); K.134:15 (A.D. 781, C II:92); K.560/739:6 (A.D. 578-777, C II:37, VI:54); K.788:8 (A.D. 578-777, C VI:61). Ex: ʼaṃnoy kloñ vnaṃ ʼañ tpal teṃ tuṅnot ai vnaṃ tāṅ kloñ 1 sre sanre 20 (K.9:24-6), `Gifts from the chief of my sanctuary: 1 grove of sugar palms on Vnaṃ Tāṅ Kloñ [and] 20 sanre of riceland'.... vnaṃ vrai vnur caṃnoṃ tmur cdin ... (K.44B:2), `... hills, woods, knolls, herds of kine, rivers, ... '.paṃnos ta pos ta gi noḥ vnaṃ vraḥ kamratāṅ ʼañ ... (K.44B:9), `Clerics who have entered orders in the said sanctuary of My Holy High Lord ... '
• Henri Marchal called the Bayon Vnam Kantal in his essay on Angkor Thom Gates.
• Saveros Pou:

Wat (or Vat) : temple, pagoda, Khmer Theravada monastery consisting of the religious buildings and the monks' cells. 

Vatthu, the Pali origin of the term, both in Khmer and Thai, has a complex Sanskrit etymology, possibly sk वाट vāṭa, 'debate', 'exposition of the truth', 'enclosure', while sk वास्तु vāstu refers to "dwelling", "place fit for the dwelling of gods and humans." In Tantric texts, vastu refers to the “subtle reality”, or "reality conceived by the mind alone."

Angkor Wat, originally dedicated to Vishnu, has since become known as 'the city which is a (Buddhist) monastery'. 

Wiang: fortified temple. In Lao language, a city, like in Wiang Chan (ວຽງຈັນ), Vientiane, the capital city of modern Laos.

Yakṣa or Yaksha:

1) semi-godly inhabitants of Brahmanic Heaven, a type of Upadevas, the third class after Devas and Gaṇadevas. Among Upadevas, there are Vidyādharas, Apsaras, Yakṣas, Rākṣasas, Gandharvas, Kinnaras, Piśācas, Guhyakas, Siddhas and Bhūtas.

2) a class of demons, followers of Rudra (Śiva), their overlord, led by Kubera, a group of 'supernatural beings that cause illness' in Saivism; sometimes similar to Asuras.

3) in Buddhism, originally malevolent spirits or ghosts who came to protect the righteous, the attendants of Vaiśravaṇa, the guardian of the northern quarter.

4) In Cambodia and Thailand, as male or female supranatural beings with bulging eyes, they are often represented as guardians of pagodas. In Cambodian village festivities, the yeak are scarecrow-like figures or disguised people designed to ward off evil spirits. As they are meant to be 'big and ugly', they were often represented with European traits in the past.

Yama (यम) 

1. refers to a deity that was once worshipped in ancient Kashmir (Kaśmīra) according to the Nīlamatapurāṇa. Yama is the son of the god Sun, he is the lord of the dead. His seven names are: Yama, Dharmarāja, Mṛtyu, Antaka, Vaivasvata, Kāla and Sarvaprāṇahara. Dhūmrorṇā who is the wife of Yama according to the Mahābhārata and the Viṣṇudharmottara Purāṇa is mentioned in the Nīlamata, but her relation to Yama is not pointed out. Also known as Vaivasvata (वैवस्वत);
2. refers to one of the eight guardians of the quarters, guardian of the South, according to the Sivapurana. Accordingly as Śiva said to Sitā:—“[...] the different parts of the mountain Meru seem to be echoing the pleasing sweet sounds of bees etc. which cause the incitement of love of the guardians of the quarters viz. Indra, Kubera, Yama, Varuṇa, Agni, Nirṛti, Marut (Wind) and the Supreme Lord (Īśa). Heaven, the abode of the Devas is stationed on the summits of the Meru wherein the cities of the guardians of the quarters are also situated. They are brilliant. Beautiful celestial damsels, Rambhā, Śacī, Menakā and others heighten their glory”;
3. in Buddhism, the God of Death, the overlord of Pitṛis (पितृ), litt. 'fathers', departed ancestors, to whom the Dharmashastra recommends to offer balls (of rice); punishes men after death according to their actions, sinful or otherwise;
4. refers to “self-restraint”, "forebearance". It is the first of the eight means of attaining mental concentration by yoga practice. The other means are “niyama, āsana, prāṇāyāma, pratyāhāra, dhāraṇā, dhyāna” and “samādhi”.  

In Cambodia, Yama (kh យមរាជ) is the king of the Dead, son of Surya reigning over the subterranean world. According to ethnologist Ang Choulean, Vraḥ Yamarāj or ‘King Yama’ is "the God closest to the Khmers", the one to these days invoked in "annual Pchum Ben (Fortnight of the Dead) and mortuary rituals. Yama astride his buffalo looms large in Angkorian lintels across the centuries as the god of death and justice and as the subject in imprecations aimed at transgressors and temple vandals." Prof. Ang Choulean remarked that in Cambodia, Yama's representations and altars, originally facing south like in Indian traditions, started to be oriented in the northeast direction from the 13th-14th centuries, emphasizing the promise of reincarnation over physical death. 

1. In Shaivism, Yantra is a type of ritualistic worship performed along with Tantra and Mantra. While yantra is a mystical diagram charged with occult powers, tantra is mostly the worship of the female energy of Shiva, his Shakti, through mystical sexual intercourse, and mantra is a magical formula.
2. Mystical diagrams, usually small-sized and portable, with geometric patterns that can be two- or three-dimensional, while mandalas are mostly two-dimensional. It can be the form of a deity as a symbol.
3. In Buddhism, yantras are graphic symbols used in the recitation of the mantras and the dhāraṇīs.
4. In Cambodian traditions, yantras are magical diagrams used for protection. Healing kru (traditional doctors) drawn these "bareers" on cloth, metal foil or paper, or as tattoo. They often combine the five representations of the Buddha, the five corresponding pali letters, and symbols of Brahmanic origin (The Triple Gem). The former ones are often drawn in yellow, the latter in red.
5. The etymology of Prasat Bayon ប្រាសាទបាយ័ន has often been explained as Pa-Yan(t), "The Great Yantra" or "Ancestor's Yantra", the building being a kind of "diagram in stone."

Zomia is a geographical term coined in 2002 by Dutch social scientist Willem van Schendel of University of Amsterdam to refer to the highlands of Asia in a global, macroscopic, transnational perspective. 

Developing the proposition by Clifford Geerz that research fields in history and anthropology should be more thoroughly combined, the term ‘Zomia’ was applied to the geographical space known as Southeast Asian Massif by research James C. Scott in his 2009 reference study (The Art of Not Being Governed) on an area including parts of Northeastern Cambodia and characterized by low population density, historical isolation, political domination by surrounding states and no state formation process whatsoever. 

While Zomia's limits have varied amongst authors - encompassing highlands overlapping parts of spme 10 countries (southwest China, Northeast India, eastern Bangladesh, all the highlands of Myanmar (Burma), Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Peninsular Malaysia, and Taiwan), with a total population of around 100 million, the Tibetan world was not included in this area, due to its specific political logics.