French-Khmer poetess and novelist Makhali-Phal (born Nelly-Pierrette Guesde) (21 Sep. 1898, Phnom Penh — 15 Nov. 1965, Pau, France) was brought to France in 1906 with the Cambodian Royal Court during the official visit to Exposition Universelle de Marseille, yet wrote almost exclusively about the history, mythology and landscapes of her native country, Cambodia. Her mother was a Cambodian lady, her father, Pierre Guesde, was the Secretary of French Residence-superieure in Phnom Penh in the 1890s.
We do not know for sure what happened to young Pierrette before she arrived in Paris around 1930. Some sources state that she grew up in a Catholic convent at her father’s wishes, other that Pierre Guesde entrusted the child to his parents who lived in Pau (Southwestern France). What seems clear is that Guesde, even if he acknowledged paternity of his Cambodian daughter, was otherwise quite busy with his “legitimate” marriage and his business career.
In 1933, she published her first poem, Cambodge, and four years later her Chant de Paix(Royal Library of Phnom Penh and Buddhist Institute), ‘dedicated to the Khmer people’, that has been translated into English (Song of Peace, 2010, DatASIA) and Khmer languages. Her novels such as Le Roi d’Angkor (1952) or Le feu et l’amour (1953) reflect a vast knowledge of the Angkorean civilization, and a sensuality, musicality and mysticism reminiscent of the French symbolist literary movement, with noticeable influences from her Buddhist background — even if her father, Mathieu Pierre Théodore Guesde (a colonial administrator born in Guadeloupe and married to a young Cambodian attached to the Royal Palace, Neang Mali) made her enter a Catholic convent at a young age.
In 1942, the publication by Random House of her novel The Young Concubine made Makhali-Phal a literary celebrity in the USA. The editor noted: ‘Her pen-name, reputedly given to her by King Sisowath, refers to the sound made by the blade of the plow of the goddess Kali. Born in Phnom Penh, Makhali-Phal’s work concerned the perils of metissage (mixed-race identity) n a colonial context. In this novel, for example, a Khmer Princess educated in Paris struggles with her place at the intersection of East and West.’ And the New York Times literary critic (29 March 1942, p. 81) to remark:
From its sensational title and colorful jacket depicting a slant-eyed Cambodian dancing girl in a ritualistic dance pose one might infer this to be one of those incandescent novels of European importation which a few years since roused the righteous indignation of Boston censors and in New York brought booksellers to General Sessions charged with vending obscene literature. But a glance at the dedication (“To the memory of Jean Racine”) instantly nullifies that impression.
The poetess who invoked ‘Ô Europe, ô Asie, tristes sœurs jumelles’ (‘Oh, Europe, Oh, Asia, sorrowful twin sisters’) launched ethereal bridges between East and West, although she noted about her work: “Je transposais dans la langue de ma mère le rythme des gongs, les répétitions, les images cruelles, voluptueuses et théologales qui ressuscitaient mes ancêtres d’Angkor et qui m’en délivraient” (“I transposed into my mother’s native language the rhythm of gongs, the repeating echoes, the fierce, voluptuous and mystical images which resuscitated my Angkorean ancestors and yet set me free from them.”)
1) The cover of Makhali-Phal’s book published in New York in 1942. The Young Concubine was the title of La favorite de dix ans in English translation. 2) A book cover page autographed by the author [ADB Collection].
1) The cover of Makhali-Phal’s book published in New York in 1942. The Young Concubine was the title of La favorite de dix ans in English translation. 2) A book cover page autographed by the author [ADB Collection].
1) The cover of Makhali-Phal’s book published in New York in 1942. The Young Concubine was the title of La favorite de dix ans in English translation. 2) A book cover page autographed by the author [ADB Collection].
Publications
Cambodge, lithographies avec portrait de l’auteur par Ram Richman, lithographies par Mourlot frères, Dijon, 1933, Au pigeonnier, 61 p.
Chant de paix, poème au peuple khmer pour saluer l’édition cambodgienne du Vinaya Pitaka, la première corbeille du canon bouddh4ique (Préface d’Edmond Jaloux), Bibliothèque royale du Cambodge, 1937, 14 f. | Excerpts in J. P. Dannaud, Cambodge, Lausanne/Saigon, Edition Clairefontaine/La Guilde du Livre/Société asiatique d’éditions, 1954. | ENG Song of Peace, tr. and notes by Sara Elizabeth Harris, DatAsia, 2010, 90 p. ISBN-13: 978 – 1934431771.
La Favorite de dix ans, Albin Michel, 1940, 256 p. | ENG The Young Concubine, tr. French by Edward Weismiller, New York, Random House, 1942, 282 p.
Vinaya refers to numerous monastic rules and ethical precepts for the Sangha communities, and by extension to a category of Buddhist text discussing the application of these precepts.
In Theravada Buddhism, the Vinaya Piṭaka(lit.Basket of Discipline) is one of the three divisions of the Pali canon, Tripitaka, along with the Sutta Piṭaka and the Abhidhamma Piṭaka, dealing with the monastic codes of conduct for monks (bhikṣu) and nuns (bhikṣuṇī) of the Sangha (community of faithful). It covers rules of individual discipline (prātimokṣa), guidelines for communal harmony, and recommendations for handling transgressions.
Upāli (kh ឧបាលី), a barber by trade and one of the ten chief disciples of the Buddha, was the first in charge of reciting and reviewing the vinaya.
