Notice sur le Royaume de Khmer ou de Kambodge
by Vinh Ky [Petrus Ky] Truong
The earliest contribution on Angkor published in an European scientific journal by a Southeastasian scholar.
Publication: Bulletin de la Société de Géographie de Paris, Mémoire, Notices, etc..., pp 326-332 | via gallica.bnf.fr
Published: July 1863
Author: Vinh Ky [Petrus Ky] Truong
Pages: 6
Language : French
This account on Cambodia and Angkor by an Annamite (Vietnamese) researcher is notable for its time (1863) and the fact that it was the only published text by a non-European observer at that period.
The author, who was well-considered by the French administrators and missionaries, was a protégé of Pere Bouillevaux, probably the first European to set foot in Angkor and write about it in the 1840s. He probably went to Angkor with his mentor, and was invited to contribute to the interior Bulletin de la Société géographique while he was in Paris (from July 14, 1863 to March 18, 1864) as an interpreter assisting the Phan Thanh Gian’s mission aimed at reclaiming three provinces in the Southeast region (Kampuchea Krom) for the Annamite kingdom.
While his capacity obviously inclined him to a somewhat biased outlook on Cambodia, he shows a relatively objective point of view in this short text, and a spontaneity probably related to his young age (26 years old at the time). Here are some points he made:
- A former Empire caught between a rock and a hard place: “Le Kambodje (en kambodjien, Khmer, ou, en annamite, Cao-mên) offre un spectacle intéressant des jeux de la fortune (qui stare nescit). Ce royaume était, au temps de sa splendeur, un État puissant; il s’étendait depuis le 100° jusqu’au 106 degré de longitude E. et de 8°50′ à 14°50′ de latitude N. Cette florissante contrée est maintenant en décadence; cependant elle est fertile et fort riche en bois, riz, coton, gomme-gutte, etc. Il s’y fait un important commerce d’ivoire, de cornes de rhinocéros, de peaux de buftle, etc. (…) Peu à peu envahi et en quelque sorte rongé par le royaume de Siam, ainsi que par l’empire d’An-nam, dont il est maintenant tributaire, le Kambodje louvoie difficilement entre ces deux écueils, craignant toujours de se briser sur l’un ou sur l’autre.” [“Kambodja (in Kambodjian, Khmer, or, in Annamite, Cao-mên) offers an interesting spectacle of the games of fortune (qui stare nescit). This kingdom was, at the time of its splendor, a powerful state; it extended from the 100° to the 106 degree of longitude E. and from 8°50′ to 14°50′ of latitude N. This flourishing country is now in decline; however, it is fertile and very rich in wood, rice, cotton, gambogo, &c. There is an important trade in ivory, rhinoceros horns, buffalo skins, etc. (…) Slowly invaded — and in a way eaten away — by the kingdom of Siam, as well as by the empire of An-nam, of which it is now tributary, Kambodja uneasily navigatesbetween these two reefs, always fearing to crash on one or the other.”]
- The precognition of Angkor Thom: “A Angcor, on voit une pagode monumentale dont la forme est entièrement carrée. Chaque angle supporte une tour couverte par un dôme une cinquième tour, très-élevée et placée au milieu, domine tout l’édifice de grandes galeries décorées de belles sculptures réunissent les cinq tours. Avant d’y entrer, se trouve une chaussée de pierre défendue par deux lions de fantaisie. En avançant, on rencontre un étang, baignoire ordinaire des buffles; de là on passé sous des galeries d’une forme quadrangulaire et couvertes de sculptures, pour arriver à la fameuse pagode. On voit dans ces pagodes des statues gigantesques de Bouddha et de diverses divinités; les unes ont des oreilles de 50 centimètres de longueur, d’autres ont plusieurs mains. Il y en a qui sont taillées dans le roc et d’un seul morceau. II y a plus loin des ruines immenses qui sont, à ce qu’on prétend, les vestiges de l’ancien palais des rois du Kambodje. Les murs sont entièrement sculptés;ces sujets représentent des hommes tirant de l’arc, des combats d’éléphants, etc.” [“At Angcor, we can see a monumental pagoda whose shape is entirely square. Each corner supports a tower covered by a dome; a fifth tower, very high and erected in the middle, dominates the whole building; large galleries decorated with wonderful sculptures bring together the five towers. Before entering it, there is a stone causeway defended by two fanciful lions. Further on, one encounters a pond, the ordinary bath of the buffaloes; from there one passes under galleries of a quadrangular form and covered of sculptures, to arrive at the famous pagoda. In these pagodas we see gigantic statues of Buddha and various deities; some have ears 50 centimeters in length, others have several hands, they’re often sculpted in the rock and in one single piece. Further on there are immense ruins which are, it is claimed, the remains of the ancient palace of the kings of Kambodje. The walls are entirely sculpted; these subjects represent men shooting from archery, elephant fights, etc.”
- Tonle Sap, Mekong, ancient glory and survival: “Ce pays, qui a été jadis le théâtre de tant de scènes glorieuses, a beaucoup d’analogie avec l’Égypte il est arrosé par un fleuve immense, branche du célèbre Mè-kong, qui forme dans sa partie supérieure un grand lac, ou plutôt une mer d’eau douce. On y voit une foule d’oiseaux pêcheurs guetter du haut des airs les poissons imprudents qui se jouent au milieu des flots. On trouve dans ce royaume aquatique des bancs de poissons à huile et de crocodiles, qui permettent à peine d’enfoncer la rame. (…) Maintenant la résidence royale est à Odông; elle est placée près des ruines d’une ancienne citadelle, et elle est entourée de trois murs le premier est en bois dans le genre des palissades annamites, mais recouvert en dedans d’une couche de terre d’environ 50 centimètres d’épaisseur; la deuxième enceinte est également en bois mais la troisième, qui renferme toutes les maisons du roi, est construite en briques.”
Above, the College Pétrus-Ky in Saigon in the 1920s; one of the author’s numerous books published in Vietnamese in Paris (photos 2Saigon.vn)
Main ohoto: The author around the time of the publication.
Tags: Angkor Thom, Oudong, Udong, pre-colonial Cambodia, Tonle Sap, Kampuchea Krom, Vietnam, Siam, Annam, Thailand, Khmer sculpture
About the Author
Vinh Ky [Petrus Ky] Truong
Trương Vĩnh Ký (張永記), also known as Pétrus Ky or Jean-Baptiste Pétrus (6 Dec 1837, Vĩnh Long Province ‑1 Sep 1898, Saigon, now in Vietnam) was a Vietnamese linguist, teacher and translator whose publications helped improve understanding between colonial Vietnam and Europe.
After his father’s death when he was 9, he grew up among French Catholic missionaries. He studied Latin and modern idioms under the guidance of Pere Pallegoix during three years at the Pinhalu Catholic school in Cambodia, then at Penang Seminary. He was the interpreter for the Annamite delegation led by Phan Thanh Giản to Paris in June 1863, also visiting Egypt, Spain Portugal and Italy on this occasion.
The first Vietnamese scholar to publish in European publications (notably the Bulletin de la Société Géographique de Paris), his works helped popularize the romanized script of the Vietnamese language, Quốc Ngữ, before its officialization. He also authored a reference study, Histoire d’Annam, the first significant history of Vietnam written in a European language and following European historiographic models.
See Pétrus-Ký’s biography on Nhip Cau Giao Ly blog (in Vietnamese).