Danses Cambodgiennes (Cambodian Dance)

Samdech Chaufea (‘Lord Excellency’, in Khmer) Thiounn (8 Apr. 1864, Kompong Chhnang — Sep. 1946, Phnom Penh), also called Oknha Veang Thiounn ឧកញ៉ា វ៉ាង ជួន, was Minister of The Royal Palace and Treasury, and Minister of Fine Arts under the French Protectorate. He started his public career as an interpreter and advisor for several French explorers, in particular as an attaché to the Mission Pavie. He also served as Prime Minister under King Norodom Sihanouk.

In 1885, Auguste Pavie recommended him to the École Cambodgienne in Paris, where 13 Cambodian young men were trained as interpreters (the school was located in Hotel de Saxe, rue Jacob). Three years later, Thiounn served as interpreter for the Pavie Mission.

In 1906, Thiounn assisted King Sisowath of Cambodia during the King’s official visit to France, witnessing the performances (the first ones ever outside of the Royal Palace) of the Cambodian Royal Ballet. His account of the journey during which he developed his interest in Khmer classical dance (Voyage du roi Sisowath en France, translated from Khmer into French by Olivier de Bernon in 2006) remains a reference (1). He was closely vinculated to the Royal Ballet, as he married Malis Le Faucheur, daughter of Paul Le Faucheur and Royal Ballet dancer Anak Sok. 

After publishing a documented study on the frescoes at the Royal Pagoda Preah Oubosoth Rottanaram in 1903, with important insights on the Reamker mythology and symbolic, Samdech Chaufea (or Chauffa) wrote an essay on Khmer classical choreography, Danses Cambodgiennes (published by the Phnom Penh Buddhist Institute and illustrated by artist-researcher Sappho Marchal). He also took an important part in the foundation of the Musee Albert Sarraut (later National Museum of Cambodia) and the Ecole des arts cambodgiens (later Royal University of Fine Arts), and actively collaborating with Suzanne Karpeles in editing the Kambuja Surya review.

Blamed by Prince Yukhantor for being too lenient to French authorities, he resisted political turmoil, only to be sacked at the request of Vichyist French admiral Jean Decoux, replaced by Ung Hy. He was the only minister who served under the consecutive reigns of King Norodom, King Sisowath and King Monivong.

(1) Samdech Chaufea Thiounn’s relation of King Sisowaths 1906 journey has been published in Khmer in 2006, edited by Olivier de Bernon and Michel Antelme (Phnom Penh, National Library Press, 189 p)

Author and artist Sappho Marchal-Brébion (1904, Paris — 2000), the daughter of French archeologist and Angkor Wat Conservator Henri Marchal, was the first researcher to study, document in drawings and count the numerous female stone figures in Angkor Wat.

Sappho (sometimes spelled Sapho) Marchal came to Cambodia as a toddler, in 1905. She grew up in Siem Reap and on the archeological sites her father — named Angkor Conservator in 1916- supevervised. As a young artist, she illustrated many scientific articles published by Henri Marchal.

While capturing with her pen the slightest details of costumes and ornaments worn by devatas and apsaras around the Khmer temple complex, Sappho Marchal inventoried 1,737 female sculptures and carvings in Angkor, not far from the account of 1,796 established by Kent Davis seventy years later (probably because the young artist did not have access to the upper levels of the Angkorian towers).

At only 23 years of age, Sappho Marchal published a sum of her drawings and observations in Costumes et Parures khmèrs d’après les Devatâ d’Angkor-Vat (Paris, 1926, re-published in 1931). She also authored a collection of illustrations on Khmer traditional choreography for Samdech Thiounn’s book, Danses cambodgiennes (Editions d’Extreme Asie, Saigon, 1927). Both books, along with George Groslier’s own work, inspired Queen Kossamak of Cambodia when the Queen gave a new stimulus to the Royal Ballet traditions with the ​“Apsara Dance”.

On April 7, 1927, Sappho Marchal gave a lecture for the Revue des Arts Asiatiques members in Paris, La Danse au Cambodge, with ​‘démonstation choréographique’ by Nyota lnyoka [the Japanese founder of a ​‘exotic dance school’, to which contributed Suzanne Meyer, daughter of Royal Ballet dancer Saramani and author Roland Meyer under the artist name Saramani] , and film screenings. The Revue was to report (vol 4. 2. 1927, p 130) : ​“Devant la salle pleiner, d’une voix tranquille, douce, et dont pas une syllabe n’était perdue, Mlle Marchal essaya de communiquer a son auditoire l’admiration et l’affection qu’elle eprouve pour Ies petites danseuses cambodgiennes et l’enthousiasme que lui inspire leurs danses. Nous regrettons de né pou voir donner aujourd’hui le texte de cette conference nourrie d’une tres riche documentation, mais Mlle Marchal est repartie pour Angkor, et elle a emporte son manuscrit.” [In front of a full hall, in a quiet, gentle voice, not a syllable of which was lost, Miss Marchal tried to communicate to her audience the admiration and affection she feels for the little Cambodian dancers and the enthousiasm inspired by their dances. We regret not being able to give here the text of this conference, nurtured by a very rich documentation, but Miss Marchal has gone back to Angkor, and she has taken her manuscript with her.]

We know that she moved to France in 1928, and that her parents stayed with her there during the Second World War, from 1938. She was then known as S. Brébion-Marchal, possibly after marrying the son of journalist-researcher Antoine Brébion (1857−1917), author of a ​“Bibliographie des voyages dans l’Indochine francaise du IX au XIX eme siecle”.

In the 1960s, Sappho came back to Cambodia in two occasions to pay visits to his father Henri Marchal, who had retired in his Khmer traditional house with his Cambodian companion, Neang Niv, near Wat Phu, Siem Reap.

Sappho Marchal with her parents, Henri and Mary, circa 1907…

…and in 1920. (source: EFEO, in Henri Marchal: un architecte à Angkor, EFEO/​Magellan, 2020)

Drawing in Angkor in the 1920s (deva​ta​.org)

More photos as a child and teenager with parents Henri and Mary (EFEO)