Publications De Phnom Penh a Pursat [From Phnom Penh to Pursat] by Jean Moura An important account on Cambodia in the early years of the French Protectorate. In French
Publications Quinze jours au Cambodge [A Fortnight in Cambodia] Subtitle: "Moeurs, Coutumes, Superstitions, Légendes: Excursion dans les provinces de Roléia-Paier et Compong-Leng". In French
Books Nārāyana ou Celui qui se meut sur les eaux by Makhali-Phal Cambodia as the ultimate land of the Creation, where all living beings converge to the revelation of the Supreme Being. In French
Books L'Aile de feu | Wing of Fire by Jeanne Leuba An engrossing novel set in an Indochinese plantation in the 1910s, with an unforgettable visit to Angkor and the Bayon. In French
Books Ceremonies des 12 Mois: Fetes annuelles cambodgiennes [Twelve-Month Ceremonies: Cambodian Yearly Celebrations] EBOOK by Éveline Porée-Maspero The earliest attempt to a summary of the major religious and cultural celebrations in Modern Cambodia after Adhémard Leclere's notations. In French
Books Ying-yai Sheng-lan 瀛涯勝覽 | 'The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores' The reference travelogue of Ma Huan, interperter and translator with Zheng He's flotilla: how China saw the world in the early Ming dynasty era. In English
Books Art in Thailand: A Brief History by M.C. Subhadradis Diskul A reference summary of the history of art in Thailand, by a Thai educationist and archaeologist. In English
Books Cambodian Buddhism, History & Practice by Ian Harris The era of the last Kings of Angkor is when Theravada Buddhism in its specific Cambodian form starts to develop. In English
Books Banteay Srei at Angkor by Louis Finot & Henri Parmentier & Victor Goloubew Originally published in 1926, this is the first study of the "Women's Temple", an exquisite edifice with rich adornements. Written a decade after the temple's… In English
Books Etudes sur le Ramakerti by Saveros Pou Respected Cambodian scholar Saveros Pou offers a collection of studies on the Khmer version of the Ramayana In French & Khmer
Books Angkor Buddhist Treasures from Banteay Kdei | Preah Norodom Sihanouk Angkor Museum by Yoshiaki Ishizawa The discovery of 274 discarded Buddhist statues at Prasat Banteay Kdei in March and August 2001 by a team of Sophia University and Cambodian archaeologists. In English
Publications Early Historic South Asia: Geography, Climate, and the Human Landscape by Mamta Dwivedi A dynamic approach of Early South Asia and the exchanges across the Bay of Bengal. In English
Publications Report of an Expedition Made into Southern Laos and Cambodia in the Early Part of the Year 1866 by H.G. Kennedy 'British spy' or first adventurous British tourist in Angkor? A young consular official's lively report of photographer John Thomson's journey. In English
Publications Analyzing the Impact of Indian Architecture on the Architecture of Cambodia, Thailand and Indonesia by Sriranjani Srinivasan A useful contribution for a better understanding of what was hastily called "Indianization" of Southeast Asia. Architectural point of view. In English
Publications "Angkor Wat" ("Ankor Wat") by Allen Ginsberg by Allen Ginsberg A literary monument to Angkor, "Kingdom Come or Kingdom Yore". In English
Publications Jayavarman VII's 'Resthouse Temples' by Mitch Hendrickson 'People Around the Houses with Fire: Archaeological Investigation of Settlements Around the Jayavarman VII 'Resthouse' Temples' In English
Photos Visions of Angkor by...Martin Hürlimann by Martin Hürlimann Outstanding 1920s pictures by a professional photographer, the first major artistic survey of Angkor after John Thomson's and Emile Gsell's contributions.
Publications Indigenization of Ramayana in Cambodia by Saveros Pou Through some telling instances of 'indigenization', how Valmiki's Ramayana morphed into Ramakerti, an epic tale and a source of inspiration for Cambodians. In English
Books A History of Cambodia by David P. Chandler One of the major must-read studies on Cambodia history. In English
Books Au coeur du pays khmer: notes cambodgiennes by Adrien Pannetier Notations on Cambodian daily life, politics and mores collected in 1917-1918 by a French "country doctor". In French
Photos Sacred Dancers of Angkor in Meak Bochhea celebration by Anders Jiras Within the Angkor Wat sanctum, the Bakan, Sacred Dancers of Angkor perform the New Moon ritual in January 2018.
Books The Natyashastra, English Translation by Manomohan Ghosh The first integral English translation of the Sanskrit Treatise on Hindu Dance, "Dramaturgy and Histrionics". In English & Sanskrit
Books Ceremonies des 12 Mois- Fetes annuelles cambodgiennes [Twelve-Month Ceremonies: Cambodian Yearly Celebrations] PRINT by Éveline Porée-Maspero The earliest attempt to a summary of the major religious and cultural celebrations in Modern Cambodia after Adhémard Leclere's notations. In French
Books Kambuja-desa, or An Ancient Hindu Colony in Cambodia by R.C. Majumdar An India-centered approach of Cambodia, Champa and the "Indian colonization" of Southeast Asia". In English
Publications Portrait of King Jayavarman VII by Sophorn Vern Since 1903, statues and bas-reliefs picturing King Jayavarman VII have been extensively studied. This essay summarizes theories and stimulates further research. In English
Archimages Angkorian Scenes Daily life in the temples, prayers, blessings: as a spiritual and cultural center, Angkor was never really 'abandoned'.
Publications Punyodaya (Na-T'i), un propagateur du tantrisme en Chine et au Cambodge a l'epoque de Hiuan-Tsang [Spreading Tantrism in China and Cambodia in the 7th century] by Li-Kouang Lin How a scholar and translator from India at the Chinese Tang court went twice to Chenla to spread the Tantric-Buddhist faith and collect "divine medicine". In French & Chinese
Publications Un court traité d'architecture cambodgienne moderne (A Short Treatise on Modern Cambodian Architecture) by Madeleine Giteau The building techniques and rituals for village houses, monasteries and kutis, in mid-century Cambodia. In French & Khmer
Books Les Monuments Khmers du style du Bayon et Jayavarman VII by Philippe Stern A fundamental study on the 'Bayon style' of architecture, which still helps us in better understanding the evolution of Jayavarman VII's reign. In French
Publications On some Tantrik Texts studied in Ancient Kambjua by Prabodh Chandra Bagchi An exploration of Khmer inscriptions andTantric influences, with a stimulating take on the ever-elusive Bayon and the enigmatic figure of Tumburu over Angkor. In English & Sanskrit
Books Hindu Architecture in India and Abroad by Prasanna Kumar Acharya Back to the intellectual and aesthetical origins of Hindu architecture and its Southeast Asian derivatives, particularly in the Khmer tradition. In English
Books Royal Succession in Ancient Cambodia by Adhir Chakravarti Matrilinear and patrilinear succession lines, plus some conquerors or usurpers: the complex genealogy of pre-Angkorean and Angkorean sovereigns. In English
Publications Glossary for Angkor Lovers and Researchers by Angkor Database From 'acharya' to 'yuga', we collect and explain the many archeological, historical, architectural, cultural and religious terms related to Angkorean research. In English, French, Khmer, Chinese, Portuguese, Sanskrit, Thai, Lao, Pali, Vietnamese, Tamil & Old Khmer
Publications Two Narrative Buddhist Steles by Nicolas Revire Captions prepared for two narrative steles on the life of the Buddha discovered in Angkor, Cambodia, and now kept at the National Museum of Cambodia. In English, French & Khmer
Links In the Mood for Love...and for Angkor Just 20 years after the release of Wong Kar-wai’s magical movie, revisiting its final scene set in Angkor Wat
Publications The Preservation and Management of the Monuments of Champa in Central Vietnam by Ky-Phuong Tran 50 kms from the city of Hoi An, My Sơn is the largest and most important of Champa’s religious architectural sites, with some seventy structures.
Books The Angkorian Records by Amina Ahmed Kar Poetry, mysticism and eschatology in the Khmer inscriptions of the Angkorean period, in this inspired essay written by an Indian woman artist. In English, Sanskrit & Old Khmer
Books L'Aile de feu | Wing of Fire by Jeanne Leuba An engrossing novel set in an Indochinese plantation in the 1910s, with an unforgettable visit to Angkor and the Bayon. In French
Books Erotic Sculpture of India by Devangana Desai The power-charged erotica of Indian iconography, or how "bringing beauty nearer" inspired Indian (and Khmer) sculptors. In English
Links Artistic Syncretism at the Sanctuary of Truth, Thailand A joyful explosion of Thai, Khmer, Chinese, Hindu and Buddhist artistic influences in a sanctuary dedicated to devotion and creative woodcraft. In English
Books Tantra, Magic and Vernacular Religion in Monsoon Asia (Introduction) Preface to a collection of documented essays on Tantrism, particularly in South Asia and Southeast Asia. In English
Books Bali and Angkor: A 1930s Pleasure Trip Looking at Life and Death by Geoffrey Edgar Solomon Gorer Out-of-the-box considerations on Khmer Art and the fall of Angkor. In English
Publications Maritime Trade between Thailand and Bengal by Shahnaj Husne Jahan A summary of archaeological finds shining a new light on the history of maritime trade and early Southeeast Asia. In English
Books Lettres du Cambodge, 1947-1950 by Martine de la Ferrière The coming to age of a young French woman at a transition period for modern Cambodia.
Publications L’about inscrit du musée national du Cambodge (K. 943) | The K 943 End Piece at NMC by Julia Estève & Brice Vincent Nouveaux éléments sur le bouddhisme tantrique à l’époque angkorienne | New perspectives on Tantric Buddhism during Angkorean times. In French
Publications Fish Scenes, Symbolism, and Kingship in the Bas-Reliefs of Angkor Wat and the Bayon by Tyson R. Roberts Follow the fish: what fish representations in Angkorean bas-reliefs can tells us about ancient history. In English
Publications Early China and the Indian Ocean Networks by Tansen Sen Early China’s interactions with the maritime world and the eventual emergence of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) as a leading naval power in the 15th century. In English
Films រឿងប្រាសាទអង្គរវត្ត - រឿងនិទានខ្មែរ | Khmer Legends on the Building of Angkor by Roeunra KH LEGEND អ្នកនិពន្ធចង់និយាយអំពីរឿងរ៉ាវដ៍យូរលង់ណាស់មកហើយនិយាយពីព្រះឥន្រ្តមនុស្សលោកព្រះពិស្នុកានិងស្តេចព្រះកេតុមាលាផងដែរ។ | About the "human Indra", Preah Pisnouka In Khmer
Publications Rivers, Oceans, and Spirits: Water Cosmologies, Gender, and Religious Change in Southeast Asia by Barbara Watson Andaya The centrality of water in Southeast Asian cosmologies. In English
Books Cambodian Wooden Houses, 1,500 Years of Khmer Heritage by Darryl Leon Collins & Sokol Hok A central element of Cambodian culture, traditions and art, the wooden house is a link connecting Ancient Angkor and modern Cambodia. In English
Publications South Asia from 1200 BCE to 900 CE by Shonaleeka Kaul Politics, ethics and sense of community in the Early India context.
Publications A First-Century Stele from Sriksetra by Pamela Gutman & Bob Hudson The spread of Saivist and Buddhist influences into Pyu communities of ancient Burma. In English
Books Voyage dans l'Indo-Chine, 1848-1856 by C.-E. Bouillevaux Nearly twenty years before the "re-discoverer" of Angkor Henri Mouhot, a tireless Catholic missionary did visit the ancient Khmer city.
Books Nouvelle géographie universelle, La terre et les hommes, VIII: L'Inde et l'Indo-Chine by Élisée Reclus The astonishingly vivid and detailed Geography of India and Indochina by French free-thinker Élisée Reclus. In French
Publications Death and Mortuary Rituals in Mainland Southeast Asia: From Hunter-Gatherers to the God Kings of Angkor by Charles F. H. Higham A journey in time from elite burial rituals in the Neolithic Age to the "temple mausolea" of Angkor. In English
Books Angkor: An Introduction by George Coedès 'In the minds of the Khmers, these ruins were never inert buildings without souls, but monuments with a vital quality that still attracts all who see them.' In English
Publications Two Yoginis of Hevajra from Thailand by J.J. Boeles Two female dancers statuettes discovered in the 1950s and what they tell us about Khmer art and religion, Tantric Buddhism and the cult of Hevajra. In English
Publications Saivism and the Tantric Traditions by Alexis Sanderson An exhaustive presentation of Shaivism, esoteric Tantrism, and the duality of female/male power. In English
Links 中台禪寺 | The Chung Tai Chan Monastery A major collection of Buddhist art and writing set in Taiwan
Links A Theravada Library A precious online resource on Theravada reference texts, translations from Pali, Pali self-study tools.
Links Architecture of the Buddhist World Collection of paintings, drawings and photographs on the Buddhist world, with several items about Angkor.
Publications A proposed relationship between Champa and Chola dynasties during the 11th and 13th centuries by Ky-Phuong Tran & Tu-Anh Thi Nguyen "Although the connection of artistic features of Champa with the characteristics of South Indian art that were first noticed by art historians such as Jean… In English & Vietnamese
Books Journal of an Embassy to the Courts of Siam and Cochin-China by John Crawfurd A lively description of mainland Southeast Asia in the 1820s. In English
Publications Dance Imagery in South Indian Temples: Study of the 108-Karana Sculptures by Bindu S. Shankar This major study in the history of dance and in Southern India architecture brings to us numerous notations which can be helpful for a better understanding of… In English
Publications Chinese Foreign Aromatics Importation from the 2nd century BCE to the 10th century CE by Shiyong Lu How the appetite for spices, fragrant woods and aromatics drove Chinese traders and travelers from early times. In English & Chinese
Publications Religious Concept in the Layout of the Ancient Khmer City of Koh Ker by Ichita Shimoda & Katsura Sato Decrypting the enigmatic urban project of Koh Ker with two leading architectural historians from the Japan-APSARA Team for Safeguarding Angkor. In English
Publications Music and Dance in Ancient Cambodia as Evidenced by Old Khmer Epigraphy by Saveros Pou Author(s): Saveros Pou Source: In English
Publications Factors that Led to the Change of the Khmer Capitals from 15th to 17th century by Sotheavin Nhim Political, strategical, commercial and agricultural motives led to the successive emergence of Khmer capital cities after Angkor lost its central role. In English
Publications Travels in Siam and Cambodia by David Olyphant King "The temple stands solitary and alone in the jungle, in too perfect order to be called a ruin, a relic of a race far ahead in all arts and sciences." In English
Publications Notes on Brahmanic Gods in Theravadin Cambodia by Saveros Pou A lively and perceptive exploration of Cambodian syncretisme from ancient times
Publications 从《真腊风土记》看古代柬埔寨与云南 少数民族佛教乐舞 | A Comparison of Buddhist Music and Dance Between Ancient Cambodian and Yunnan Minority Peoples by Minkang Yang & Angkor Database A fascinating study on Khmer and Yunnan minority interconnection through music and dance In English & Chinese
Publications Garuḍa, Vajrapāṇi and Religious Change in Jayavarman VII's Angkor by Peter D. Sharrock A stimulating study in religious mutations during the King-Builder's reign In English
Publications One Buddha Can Hide Another by Martin Polkinghorne & Christophe Pottier & Christian Fischer Centered on the Bayon, a diachronic reinterpretation of historical assumptions about the reign of Jayavarman VII, and Angkor during the 16th century In English
Publications Power and Pragmatism in the Political Economy of Angkor by Eileen Lustig A broad study of politics, economics and the specificity of the Angkorean State. In English
Publications A Chant Has Nine Lives: The Circulation of Theravada Liturgies in Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam by Trent Walker Cultural and geographical variations of the Theravada liturgy, chanting and rituals in Southeast Asia. In English
Publications The Western Top Temple’s Stone Blocks by Sok Keo Sovannara Preliminary introduction to the Inscriptions, Graffiti, Marks and Sketched Designs in Prasat Top Lech, previously known as Monument 486. In English
Publications The Place of Animism within Popular Buddhism in Cambodia: the Example of the Monastery by Ang Choulean The Cambodian monastery as a sacred territory where animist forces combine with Theravada canon. In English
Publications The Art of Sastra (Palm Leaf Manuscripts) by Phnom Penh Post Sastra sleuk rith, the ancestral Khmer art of palm leaf manuscript, is alive again thanks to Siem Reap craftswoman Phoeun Pavy, In English
Publications Female Roles in Pre-Colonial Southeast Asia by Anthony Reid Relations between genders are one of the areas in which a distinctive Southeast Asian pattern exists. In English
Publications Morbid Meditation in Buddhist Iconography by Vittorio Roveda Physical beauty and the decay of the human body, a major topic in Buddhist meditation. In English
Publications Protecting the Protector of Phimai by Boreth Ly Were the builders of Phimai following a "visual narrative program"? In English
Publications Brapamsukulanisamsam and Symbolic Clothing by Ginette Martini The Brapamsukulānisamsam invocation, in Pali and translation, sacred part of Southeast Asia funerary rites. In French
Publications Tantric Buddhism at Angkor Thom by Hiram W. Woodward Jr. The quest for the 'Jayavarman's Triad', by a celebrated Southeast Asian Art historian and curator. In English
Publications Le cycle des douze animaux dans la vie des Cambodgiens (The 12-Animal Cycle and Cambodian Daily Life) by Éveline Porée-Maspero The symbolic of the twelve animals in Cambodian culture and divination practices. In French
Publications Krǒ̀ṅ Pãli et rites de la maison (Krǒ̀ṅ Pãli and House Building Rituals) 2nd Part by Éveline Porée-Maspero A most detailed study on building techniques and rituals in the Cambodian tradition. In French
Publications Krǒ̀ṅ Pãli et rites de la maison (Krǒ̀ṅ Pãli and House Building Rituals) 1st Part by Éveline Porée-Maspero A most detailed study on building techniques and rituals in the Cambodian tradition. In French
Publications Le Royaume de Champa (The Champa Kingdom) by Georges Maspero A presentation of the Kingdom of Champa by Georges Maspero, distinguished sinologist and orientalist. In French
Publications Buddha-Yoga-Siva Hybridity Among The Old Khmer and Siamese by Troy Dean Harris An essay on ascetic arts and Indic influences in ancient Cambodia and Siam. In English
Publications The Syncretism of Religions in Southeast Asia, Especially in the Khmer Empire by Lawrence P. Briggs The many encounters of various religious philosophies in Angkor. In English
Publications Khmer Religion by Anne Hansen Encyclopedic entry on Khmer religion, past and present. In English
Publications Reclining Vishnu in Khmer Art/ Représentations khmeres du Visnu couché by Mireille Bénisti The Khmer sculptors' take on the 'Anantasayana Vishnu' Hindu motif. In French
Publications Nouvelles perspectives pour la connaissance de la fin de la période angkorienne by Ludivine Provost-Roche What happened in Khmer art and religious practice during the two last centuries of the Angkorean era? In French
Publications Les doctrines médicales khmeres by Rethy Kieth Chhem An excellent summary of Khmer nosology (the branch of medical science dealing with the classification of diseases), and the traditional explanations for… In Khmer
Publications Medicine and Culture in Ancient Cambodia by Rethy Kieth Chhem A vivid evocation of traditional medicine and healing techniques in Angkorean villages. In English
Publications Tantric Buddhism in Phimai: A New Reading of its Iconographic Message by Pia Conti The interaction between Tantric Buddhism as developed in the Khorat region of Siam and its Khmer versions across what is no known as Cambodia. In English
Publications Names and Identities of the Boramey Spirits Possessing Cambodian Mediums by Didier Bertrand Enter the world of the 10,000 Boramey (good spirits) revered in Cambodia nowadays and whose origins go back to the dawn of Khmer civilization. In English
Publications Serpents and Buddhas by Peter D. Sharrock An erudite study of the Buddha seated on a naga icon in Khmer temples, compared to other representations across Asia. In English
Publications Bhaisajyaguru and Tantric Medicine in Jayavarman VII Hospitals by Rethy Kieth Chhem Tantrism influence in Angkor-era medical theories and practice. In English
Publications Planetary Alignement and Navagraha at Banteay Srei by Asger Mollerup Planet-alignement during the consecration of Banteay Srei Temple. In English
Publications Prasat Banteay Chhmar 3D Reconstruction, 1 by Olivier Cunin A synthesis of the architectural history of Prasat Banteay Chhmar, the 'temple-garrison'. In English
Publications Serpents in Angkor, Apotheosis of a Decorative Motif by Adalbert J. Gail The Ananta serpent of Hindi origin and the Khmer Naga motifs in Angkorian sculptures and ornaments. In English
Publications Banteay Chhmar and the Military Protector Hevajra by Peter D. Sharrock The god-figure of Hevajra in the puzzling temple complex of Banteay Chhmar, northwest of Angkor. In English
Publications A la découverte d'un hôpital angkorien (An Angkorian Hospital) by Christophe Pottier & Rethy Kieth Chhem Excavations related to medicine and healthcare in Angkorean times. In French
Publications The Decline and Fall of Angkor (12th-15th Century) by Patmawan Buranamat A contemporary summary of various explanations regarding the decline and fall of Angkor as a "megacity". In English
Publications Rediscovering Less-Famous Temples by Avy Travel Blog Out-of-the-beaten-path and yet wondrous smaller temples revisited by a group of young Cambodian bloggers In English
Publications King in the Temple: Jayavarman VII Case Study by Christophe Pottier A study in the only four statuary representations of a major Angkorian sovereign. In French
Publications The Origins of the Civilization of Angkor by Charles F. H. Higham How a constellation of tribes and linguistic systems derivating from Bronze and Iron Ages led to the Angkor civilization. In English
Publications Angkorian Grandeur & Post-Colonial Cambodia (1953-1970) by Michael S. Falser Angkorian legacy played a central part in the building of national identity and cultural fabric of independent Cambodia. In English
Publications The PĀŚUPATA Sect in Ancient Cambodia and Champa by Swati Chemburkar & Shivani Kapoor From bas-reliefs at the My Son Temple, Indian researchers Swati Chemburkar and Shivani Kapoor retrace the presence of an ascetic sect in pre-Angkorian and… In English
Publications La religion des Cambodgiens by Fabienne Luco A clear and concise essay on Buddhism Theravada as it is followed in Cambodia. In French
Photos Guardian Lions of Banteay Chhmar by Angkor Database 4 guardian lions unearthed on the 12th century archeological site of Banteay Chhmar.
Khmer Art Worldwide King Jayavarman VII in Angkor Thom by Andy Brouwer Entry #5 in Khmer Art Worldwide Collection
Films Water Management in Angkor: The Cases of North Baray and Neak Poan by Peou Hang A brilliant case study in water management and Angkorean preservation in relation with local agricultural communities In French
Films Un Islam Insolite | An Unusual Islam, the Bani Cham in modern Vietnam by Agnès De Féo A particular example of Brahmanist-Muslim syncretism in modern Southeast Asia, and what it tells us about the ancient Cham civilization In French
Films Angkor Wat Temple, from Hindu to Buddhist Shrine by Chanratana Chen History lecture on Angkor Wat by Dr Chanratana Chen In English
Films History Channel, Ancient Discoveries series In typical US cable TV fashion, a travel around Angkor sites worth less for its historic accuracy than for some striking filming and period documentaries… In English
Devata Ta Som Devata The multiple female figures in a relatively small temple erected by Jayavarman VII
Books Preah Vihear: An Introduction to the World Heritage Monument by Sachchidanand Sahai An erudite and intimate study on Preah Vihear and its cliff, "an open air theater for the cosmic dance of Shiva". In English
Books Le Royaume de Champa | The Kingdom of Champa by Georges Maspero Mainly based on Chinese sources and local inscriptions, the formidable study on the Kingdom of Champa and what it tells us about Angkor In French & Chinese
Books Buddhapāda: In the Buddha's Footprints by Jacques de Guerny A quest for Buddha's footprint artworks from India and Sri Lanka to China to Japan, South Korea, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos and Cambodia In English
Books Buddhist Dictionary, Manual of Buddhist Terms and Doctrines by Nyanatiloka Mahathera Terms and Doctrines of the Pali canon compiled by Bhikku Nyanatiloka In English & Pali
Books ASEAN Herbal and Medicinal Plants by Collective A vast recension of therapeutical and medicinal plants across Southeast Asia
Books A History of Early South East Asia by Kenneth R. Hall A major study on regional and global trade historic phases, their impact on development of polities and kingdoms around 1th-16th centuries Southeast asia. In English
Books Angkor, sérénité bouddhique | The Serenity of Buddhism by Marc Riboud A deeply personal and reflective photographic work on Angkor Wat, Angkor Thom and the Bayon. In English
Books L'architecture hindoue en Extreme-Orient | Hindu Architecture in the Far East by Léon Marie-Eugène de Beylié Archeological, architectural and historical sum on Indic influences in Southeast Asia. In French
